Goldman L, et al., eds. The needles are inserted into this artificial vein. Sodium Limiting sodium to 2300 mg or less (about 1 teaspoon of salt) per day: Helps to reduce fluid build up in the body (swelling of the ankles, fingers, eyes) The Mayo Clinic researchers found between 2.3 and 3.4 percent of Americans with moderate kidney disease took supplements considered as especially risky by the National Kidney Foundation. Check the ingredients in the products that you use for words with "phos" in them. I think that your idea of consulting a nutritionist is a good idea. In urgent situations, a tube, called a catheter, may be placed temporarily into a large vein in your neck. It can be helpful to talk to someone you trust, a friend or relative who's good at listening. However, reducing salt/sodium is an important tool in controlling your kidney disease. A low-sodium diet may include 1,500-2,000 milligrams of sodium per day. Theyre high in vitamin C and contain antioxidants called flavonoids, which have been shown to reduce inflammation (26). Dialysis options include peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include: Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite Fatigue and weakness Changes in how much you urinate Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs Swelling of feet and ankles You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced. Youll need to avoid certain fruits and vegetables and limit the amount of others. Buckwheat is highly nutritious, providing a good amount of B vitamins, magnesium, iron, and fiber. While dietary restrictions vary, its commonly recommended that all people with kidney disease restrict the following nutrients: Protein is another nutrient that people with kidney disease may need to limit, as damaged kidneys cant clear out waste products from protein metabolism. In most cases, you can prevent or manage kidney issues by making healthy, kidney-conscious decisions. Garlic provides a delicious alternative to salt, adding flavor to dishes while providing nutritional benefits. Elsevier; 2020. http://www.clinicalkey.com. People with kidney disease should be cautious with supplements, Mayo researchers say By Adam Harringa More than one-third of the 15.7 million Americans with moderate or advanced chronic kidney disease use dietary or herbal supplements, reports new research from Mayo Clinic. I think that we can connect you with some other members who have also discussed their diabetes diets and/or CKD. Whats more, monounsaturated fats are stable at high temperatures, making olive oil a healthy choice for cooking. Current guidelines recommend choosing natural foods instead of processed foods that have phosphorus added to them. A surgeon may connect two of your blood vessels to create an access. Chronic kidney disease. Ive been on a low carb, sodium and fat diet for a long time and do carb counting to calculate insulin bolus dosages. This content does not have an English version. A kidney-friendly eating plan helps you manage your kidney disease and slow down damage to your kidneys. If your kidneys aren't working properly, the rest of your body isn't either. Potatoes and sweet potatoes need special handling to allow you to eat them in small amounts. You should aim for less than 2 grams of sodium in your daily diet. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised. Thank you, @cehunt57, for telling me your story. for video What is kidney disease? https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease?query=Chronic kidney disease. The kidneys filter out excess nutrients and make urine. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. Peel them, cut them into small slices or cubes and soak them for several hours in a large amount of water. Many Americans decide to take supplements on their own, not because of a doctors recommendation, the researchers found, most often with the goal of improving their health. Luckily, many delicious and healthy options are low in phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. However, more than 70% of sodium in the average American's diet already is in the foods we buy, such as grains, meat, soups, sandwiches and restaurant meals. Low-phosphorus diet: Helpful for kidney disease? Kristi Wempen is a registered dietitian-nutritionistin Mankato, Minnesota. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. However, some of these supplements contain potassium or phosphorous minerals that are often restricted for that population or can otherwise be harmful to people with impaired kidney function. This survey combines both interviews and physical examinations, and is used to study many aspects of health and nutrition across the U.S. Dr. categories: those with normal or mildly reduced kidney function, those with If we combine this information with your protected A dietitian can help you design a kidney-friendly diet that is specific to your needs. My last 3 lab reports have been good. You may think if you aren't adding salt to your food that your sodium intake is low. disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. My Bday was Wednesday 2/7/1957. And the earlier it's detected, the easier it is to treat. moderate kidney impairment (stage 3 chronic kidney disease), and those with Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Dietary restrictions vary depending on the level of kidney damage. When your kidneys are not working well, phosphorus can build up in your blood. Do you mind if I ask your age? I hear you. To get ready for your appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do ahead of time, such as make changes to your diet. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because it often appears without symptoms in the early stages . One of the important jobs of the kidneys is to clean the blood. 26th ed. Blood vessels of the new kidney are attached to blood vessels in the lower part of your abdomen, just above one of your legs. Many people take supplements without discussing it with their health care providers, likely because they assume these supplements to be safe and potentially beneficial, says senior author Rozalina McCoy, M.D., a Mayo Clinic endocrinologist and general internal medicine doctor. A typical kidney has about 1 million filtering units. When this happens, calcium can be pulled from your bones and can collect in your skin or blood vessels. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease?query=Chronic%20kidney%20disease. Mayo Clinic; 2020. If the kidneys are unable to do this and the condition is untreated, serious health problems result, with eventual loss of life. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Chronic kidney disease. They are also packed with healthy fats, B vitamins, magnesium, copper, iron, and manganese. Watch Mayo Clinic kidney specialist Dr. Robert Albright discuss effective strategies to prevent and treat. Grapes, apples, and cranberries, as well as their respective juices, are all good substitutes for oranges and orange juice, as they have lower potassium contents. The biopsy needle is inserted through your skin and is often directed using the guidance of an imaging device, such as ultrasound. Its also an excellent source of plant-based protein and full of dietary fiber, which is important for digestive health. MRI: Is gadolinium safe for people with kidney problems? Major sources of potassium include potatoes, tomatoes, melons, oranges and orange juice, bananas, dairy products and salt substitutes that contain potassium, such as Morton Lite Salt or No Salt. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your end-stage renal disease-related health concerns, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. During a kidney biopsy, your doctor uses a needle to remove a small sample of kidney tissue for lab testing. However, existing damage is not usually reversible. Examples may be calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid and hexametaphosphate. Egg whites provide a high quality, kidney-friendly source of protein. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Guidelines. Dont purchase refrigerated or frozen meats that are packaged in a solution or those that have been flavored or pre-seasoned. Has your nephrologist indicated any kind of future plans for your situation? Potassium is found mainly in fruits and vegetables, as well as milk and meats. They also make a fantastic addition to a kidney-friendly diet, as they are low in sodium, phosphorus, and potassium. Includes a table of high and low phosphorus foods. Try to keep each meal under 600 milligrams. I'm type 1 diabetic since 1975 (with history of gastroparesis), post pancreas transplant", "@valb68, I want to welcome you to Mayo Connect. Learning you have chronic kidney disease and learning how to live with it can be a challenge. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Clinical Practice Guidelines. https://www.mayoclinic.org/food-and-nutrition/expert-answers/faq-20058408, Let me know what other information might be helpful to you. Foods in a kidney diet have lower amounts of sodium, protein, potassium, or phosphorus. This content does not have an Arabic version. survey. When you eat and drink, your body absorbs nutrients needed for fuel. Needs are based on height, weight and overall health. Individual complications vary, but treatment might include high blood pressure medication, diuretics to reduce fluid and swelling, supplements to relieve anemia, statins to lower cholesterol, or medications to protect your bones and prevent blood vessel calcification. These are: White or Italian bread and low-salt crackers made with white flour have less phosphorus than whole-grain bread and crackers. If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of kidney disease, your doctor may monitor your blood pressure and kidney function with urine and blood tests during office visits. If you have kidney disease, reducing your potassium, phosphorus, and sodium intake can help manage it. The kidneys separate this material from the blood. I used to be high protein but since CKD Ive been told to limit protein to a certain amount for my size/weight. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with Here are 17 foods that you should likely avoid, An atrophic kidney is one that has shrunk to smaller than its normal size. And most of those don't know they have it. Remember to always discuss your food choices with your healthcare provider to ensure that you are following the best diet for your individual needs. Trim fat from meat and remove skin from poultry before eating. Rosenberg M. Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults. Often there are no outward signs in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease, which is grouped into stages 1 through 5. It might be difficult to manage the treatment schedule if you're on dialysis. Your risk is simply higher if you have a family history of certain genetic conditions like polycystic kidney disease or some autoimmune diseases like lupus or IgA nephropathy. My father wasnt diabetic, but died from ESRD after 4 years on dialysis. Here are some resources that I would like to share with you. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/basics.html. However, avoiding or limiting certain foods in your diet may help decrease the accumulation of waste products in the blood, improve kidney function and prevent further damage. 142K views 9 years ago Chronic kidney disease affects millions of Americans. Nutrition Care Manual. Chronic kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and losing the ability to keep you healthy. Make a donation. people who have kidney disease are not aware of it.. Various imaging tests like ultrasounds or CT scans can be done to help your doctor assess the size, the structure, as well as evaluate the visible damage, inflammation or stones of your kidneys. The kidneys are small but powerful bean-shaped organs that perform many important functions. Here are 20 of the best foods for people with kidney disease. However, these are usually in the later stages, but they can also happen in other disorders. Just wanting to live right for whatever time I have left im Not getting a transplant. Do you need resources? Diet and nutrition may help manage and, potentially, slow the disease. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). In this video, we'll cover the basics of chronic kidney disease. Fresh fruits and vegetables are important. In addition, 1.3 percent of patients who were unaware they had moderate kidney impairment took flaxseed oil, which translates to 167,500 Americans. You may also have physical and neurological exams, along with other tests such as: Certain tests might be repeated over time to help your provider follow the progress of your kidney disease. One of the best ways to reduce potassium buildup is to make dietary changes. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. If you choose not to have a kidney transplant or dialysis, you can choose palliative or supportive care to help you manage your symptoms and feel better. good news, Dr. McCoy says, is no Americans surveyed who had advanced or end-stage Nuts, seeds, lentils and beans also can raise potassium if eaten regularly. It's estimated that chronic kidney disease affects about one in seven American adults. Connecting the vessels causes the vein to get larger and stronger. because this population is at highest risk for complications related to Plus, mashed cauliflower can be used in place of potatoes for a low potassium side dish. There are various ways in which these vital organs can become damaged. Dairy foods are the major source of phosphorus in the diet, so limit milk to 1 cup per day. It seems there is very little you can eat that is healthy for the Kidneys. When the kidneys filtering ability is impaired, supplements may accumulate and lead to toxicity. Accessed April 26, 2021. I am blessed! One cup (165 grams) of pineapple chunks contains (52): Cranberries benefit both the urinary tract and kidneys. They are very low in potassium, phosphorus, and sodium. Register on Advancing the Science and get updates when we have new content! High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Dont use kosher or sea salt. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. If you're craving a pickle, opt for low-sodium pickles to limit your daily sodium intake. Chronic kidney disease basics. One cup (148 grams) of fresh blueberries contains (21): Sea bass is a high quality protein that contains incredibly healthy fats called omega-3s. Your nephrologist should be able to connect you with someone who is knowledgeable of your condition, and best able to work with you. Warner KJ. Warner KJ. Shiitake mushrooms are lower in potassium than portobello and white button mushrooms, making them a smart choice for those following a renal diet (57, 58). Its a great source of vitamin K, vitamin C, and many B vitamins. Anything it doesnt need is carried through the blood to the kidneys. This process of exchanging old solution with new is called an exchange. This content does not have an English version. So don't automatically interpret this as having kidney disease. Radishes are a great source of vitamin C, an antioxidant that has been shown to decrease the risk of heart disease and cataracts (47, 48). I think I will have to be more assertive. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). As the GFR declines, so does your kidney function. By limiting dairy and choosing fruits and vegetables that are lower in potassium, you can control your potassium level. But also heart disease and obesity can contribute to the damage that causes kidneys to fail. Merck Manual Professional Version. This name refers to the lining that surrounds the organs in your abdomen. This content does not have an Arabic version. People with kidney disease and diabetes should monitor their intake of certain nutrients. Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care This is because they are very low in potassium and phosphorus but high in many other important nutrients. One small red pepper (74 grams) contains (41): Onions are excellent for providing sodium-free flavor to renal-diet dishes. Then it's allowed to drain out through the catheter. Ammirati AL. A low-sodium diet may include 1,5002,000 milligrams of sodium per day. What websites do you recommend? Try to limit or avoid these high sources of potassium if the potassium in your blood is elevated. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. All Rights Reserved. Diet Tips for Chronic Kidney Disease Stages Kidney Diet Tips Blog Recipes, tips and news for people on a kidney diet. Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics, 2019. The problem is that many If you can share a little bit about yourself, I think we can better assist you. It involves finding a donor, living or deceased, whose kidney best matches your own. This is why regular checkups with your doctor are important. A half cup (78 grams) of cooked turnips contains (50): Many tropical fruits like oranges, bananas, and kiwis are very high in potassium. And even then, there is plenty of hope. These sweet fruits are kidney-friendly, with a half cup (75 grams) containing (29): Although egg yolks are very nutritious, they contain high amounts of phosphorus, making egg whites a better choice for people following a renal diet. Arugula is a good source of vitamin K and the minerals manganese and calcium, all of which are important for bone health. The place they are inserted is called the access. They are much lower in phosphorus than popular nuts like peanuts and almonds. He has said nothing about diet; my gfr is around 21, and he has not even mentioned dialysis or transplant at this point. What Is Atrophic Kidney and How Is It Treated? The study published recently in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases. Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your end-stage renal disease-related health concerns In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Additionally, their peppery taste makes a flavorful addition to low sodium dishes. Fortunately, pineapple makes a sweet, low potassium alternative for those with kidneys problems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC . If your condition allows, keep up with your routine, whether that's working, hobbies, social activities, or other things you enjoy. The kidneys filter out excess nutrients and make urine. Canned fruits usually have lower amounts of potassium than fresh ones. Try to keep portions of meat to the size of a deck of cards. Supportive care might include management of symptoms, measures to keep you comfortable and end-of-life planning. Last July my GFR was 14. Weak and brittle bones. Chronic kidney disease. Anyone else with this problem? Its something thats usually associated with kidney disease, although how, Serotonin-producing 5-HTP supplements have become increasingly popular for their variety of health benefits. About the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery The Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery seeks to discover new ways to improve health; translate those discoveries into evidence-based, actionable treatments, processes and procedures; and apply this new knowledge to improve care for patients everywhere. One cup (124 grams) of cooked cauliflower contains (18): Blueberries are packed with nutrients and one of the best sources of antioxidants you can eat (19). It helps boost kidney function while preventing further damage (8). supplement use with their clinical team, she says. Work with your dietitian to make a meal plan that meets your individual needs. Thanks again for your input. The studys lead author is Shaheen Kurani, Sc.M., a student in the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. This includes removing extra fluids and waste products from your blood, restoring electrolyte levels, and helping control your blood pressure. Ask for a referral to a registered dietitian with expertise in kidney disease to learn ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys. Anything it doesn't need is carried through the blood to the kidneys. If you have kidney disease, there are lifestyle choices. @valb68, I want to welcome you to Mayo Connect. It can also be helpful to find a support group and connect with people going through the same thing. Our kidneys play many important roles keeping our bodies in balance. Three ounces (85 grams) of cooked sea bass contain (25): Red grapes are not only delicious but also deliver a ton of nutrition in a small package. Nearly every food contains some phosphorus, so this can be hard to do. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. may mean that awareness translates to caution or to greater odds of discussing Last medically reviewed on November 18, 2019. Kidney Health. Furthermore, it provides insoluble fiber, a type of fiber that keeps your digestive system healthy by promoting regular bowel movements and adding bulk to stool (37). All rights reserved. supplement use. I'm Dr. Andrew Bentall, a kidney doctor at Mayo Clinic. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd#:~:text=Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means,family history of kidney failure. whether supplements are safe because for most supplements and herbs, we just The kidneys grow larger and gradually lose the ability to function as they should. research team also looked at whether people whose lab studies revealed the A kidney-friendly diet usually recommends a person stay below 2,300 milligrams of sodium per day. This nutritious grain is a good source of B vitamins, magnesium, iron, and manganese. Do you mind if", "I hear you. One tablespoon (13.5 grams) of olive oil contains (35): Bulgur is a whole grain wheat product that makes a terrific, kidney-friendly alternative to other whole grains that are high in phosphorus and potassium. Go to the Kidney & Bladder Support Group. Dietary restrictions vary depending on the type and level of kidney damage, as well as the medical interventions in place, such as medications or dialysis treatment. Chronic kidney disease. in many ways, are a black box, Dr. McCoy says. Allscripts EPSi. Im not on dialysis. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Mayo Clinic Chronic Kidney Disease Diet This Kidney Disease Solution is an all-in-one program designed to boost the health of kidneys and prevent kidney diseases. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from your body. Accessed April 27, 2021. @valb68, Hi valb68, I am happy that you found some helpful information in the New and Confused Diabetic Discussion where I tagged you. Learn more about the center. What's the level of damage to my kidneys? The Or your doctor could also refer you to a therapist or social worker. Urinary tract issues and inflammation in different parts of the kidney can also lead to long-term functional decline. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Itll take time for you to get used to reducing the salt in your diet. For example, getting better blood pressure control, improved sugar control and diabetes, and reducing weight are often key interventions. The cleaned blood is then pumped back into your body. The GFR measures how much blood the kidneys filter each minute, recorded as milliliters per minute (mL/min). Your GFR increase must make you feel very good! On the Mayo Clinic Radio podcast, Dr. Rozalina McCoy, a Mayo Clinic endocrinologist and primary care physician, explains why people with kidney disease shoul. For end-stage renal disease, you'll likely continue to see the same health care provider and care team you've been seeing for treatment of chronic kidney disease. These can not only slow the damage of kidney disease, but make you feel better as well. To do that, you'll need to learn which foods are high in potassium and which are low. So when kidney functionality decreases, harmful amounts of fluid and waste can build up in your body. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd#:~:text=Chronic%20kidney%20disease%20(CKD)%20means,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20failure. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Accessed May 25, 2021. However, arugula is a nutrient-dense green that is low in potassium, making it a good choice for kidney-friendly salads and side dishes. Be sure to pour off the juice before you eat the fruit. Mayo Clinic Explains Kidney Disease From an accredited hospital Watch on Show transcript Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. SUMMARY. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/expert-answers/food-and-nutrition/faq-20058408 Effectively managing chronic kidney disease Accessed April 27, 2021. Chronic kidney disease which affects roughly 1 in 7 Americans, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the gradual loss of kidney function that can lead to kidney failure. In some conditions, treatment can reverse the cause of the disease. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which For end-stage renal disease, some basic questions to ask your provider include: Don't hesitate to ask any other questions you have. Each person with kidney disease is different, which is why its important to talk to your healthcare provider about your individual dietary needs. 1. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. 5 Science-Based Benefits of 5-HTP (Plus Dosage and Side Effects), The 15 Best Vitamin Brands of 2023: A Dietitians Picks. Rosemary. And while phosphorus is not listed on the flaxseed oil nutrition information label, a tablespoon (about 10 grams) of whole flaxseeds has about 62 milligrams of phosphorus, or about 7% of the daily value for a person without chronic kidney disease. End-stage renal disease usually occurs when kidney function is less than 15% of typical kidney function. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent kidney disease that reduces the rate at which kidneys filter waste and fluids (as measured by the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR) accompanied by an increase in the amount of protein passed in urine (referred to as albuminuria ). Foods in a kidney diet have lower amounts of sodium, protein, potassium, or phosphorus. Smoking can also be a contributing factor to chronic kidney disease. There are quite a few things that can cause or put you at higher risk for chronic kidney disease. It is very confusing my dialysis makes my taste buds disappear I dont have a taste for anything except cookies and sweets. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. It reduces the amount of waste your kidneys need to filter from your blood. Coping and support Learning you're in kidney failure can come as a shock, even if you've known about your kidney disease for a while. For most people with advanced kidney disease, its important to follow a kidney-friendly diet that helps decrease the amount of waste in the blood. Accessed April 26, 2021. All rights reserved. Accessed April 26, 2021. Your body needs potassium to make your muscles work, but too much potassium can be dangerous. When the damage has progressed to the point that 85 to 90 percent of your kidney function is gone, and they no longer work well enough to keep you alive, it's called end-stage kidney failure. I dont have fluid restrictions and Im supposed to stay well hydrated. privacy practices. Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Accessed April 26, 2021. Revista da Associao Mdica Brasileira. Potassium is a mineral involved in how muscles work. The majority of fat in olive oil is a monounsaturated fat called oleic acid, which has anti-inflammatory properties (34).

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