Its a little like drawing with pastels. A pleasure to talk with. There are as many ways to use underglaze as your imagination will allow for. Potterycrafts. Pottery Techniques. Cobalt should be used with careit is expensive, and in thick applications, too much cobalt can make a glaze fluid enough to flow off the ware. It is less toxic than many other metals. Keep the lip level as you dip it into the underglaze upside down. The tools used are many and varied ranging from scalpels, pencils, needlepoints, and small loop tools. There are innumerable underglaze techniques. A matt to satin surface. Mixed one part tint bottle with 3 to 7 parts clear or white glaze results in a translucent color. Mortar and Pestle all ingredients to mix them. What an engobe does for even glaze laydown Tap picture for full size This stonewarejar is made from a large particle size body with grogadded. Then using a brush or sponge, apply another color of glaze to the clay surrounding the stencil. on bisque ware. If you apply a matt white glaze it can look like a drawing on paper. They work by dispensing underglaze onto your ceramics when you press down on the nib. When working on lighter areas of your painting, use fewer layers. Emily,For years I used a painting slip for blues for cone 10 reduction base on Albany slip. Once the underglaze has dried on the photocopied image, it is ready to be transferred to your pottery. More or less water to make the slip thinner or thicker. Electric airbrushes generally have a range of nozzle sizes. An underglaze decal is an image that has been printed onto backing paper. 1/4 cobalt carbonate 1/2 copper carbonate ----- 10 parts Iridescent, matt, luster effects. One of the more contemporary underglaze techniques is airbrushing. Cerdec Crimson Spersastain 4144A (PDF) Mason Alpine Rose 6001 Chrome tin pink sphene (PDF) Mason Best Black 6600 - Iron cobalt chromite black spinel (PDF) Mason Black, Cobalt free 6650 - Chromium Green-Black Hematite (PDF) Mason Blackberry Wine 6381 (PDF) Mason Canary 6410 - Yellow Zircon, Zirconium Praseodymium (PDF) And, in terms of color, what you see is what comes out of the kiln, no guessing, no hoping. 7440-48-4. Brooklyn Museum, The William E. Hutchins Collection, Bequest of Augustus S. Hutchins, 52.87.1. A simple black glaze can be made with 9% red iron oxide plus 2% cobalt. Web Low Fire Glaze Recipes Ceramic Supplies Ceramic Colorants Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes Ceramic Raw Materials Pottery Clay Clay Tools and Equipment Ceramic 319 Show detail Preview View more This is done with a slip trailing bulb. I have some if you want to try . Because the glass formed in the glaze firing controls the interaction of the glaze elements, what you see in the mixed glaze is almost never the color you get in the fired glaze. Ceramic Studio. Copyright 2023 Pottery Tips by the Pottery Wheel. In each separate petal, a branch of flower is depicted. This will ensure that you cover the areas that you want to cover, and the color is even. Some General Tips About Underglaze Techniques: Badger Model 150 Airbrush Set View on Blick, Underglaze does not melt and stick to the kiln, Speedball Screen Printing Frame View on Blick, Amaco Underglaze Chalk Crayons View on Blic. cobalt underglaze recipe. I use a mixture starting with black cobalt oxide that gets mortated and pestled (the black always seems to be a less fine grind than the carbonate). These allow anything from fine detail work to a broad overall spray. Contact Tori Motyl at Tori@MotylPottery.com. It is a way of carrying the underglaze design. 2009 chevy silverado center console lid replacement; tess gerritsen net worth Blue Glaze with Green Crystals ^6 ox. Avoid Melting Problems, Choosing a Pottery Glaze A Beginners Guide to Ceramic Glazes. By contrast, the unburned areas block the underglaze. You may need to do some test tiles to find the right combination. By Posted kyle weatherman sponsors In automann slack adjuster cross reference Cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4, also sold as a Mason Color 6330) is very refractory when used alone with a brushing medium will eliminate any problems studio members have with cobalt oxide bleeding into a covering glaze - so much so, that use of cobalt aluminate over a large area can result in the over-glaze crawling away from the area covered, which some have used to interesting effect. It is burned on by exposing light-sensitive emulsion to UV rays. If you place your pottery on the banding wheel, you can turn it easily. 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510 Hold your bisque ware over a bucket. It needs to be a little more fluid than underglaze that is being used for painting. Underglaze Cobalt - Etsy Check out our underglaze cobalt selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Line cutting is a very simple way to add graphic-looking images and textures to your pottery. You can buy a palette of watercolor underglaze. And if you're a glaze nerd like me, you might even enjoy it! 200. underglaze.). When underglaze is put onto the fabric, it passes through the burned areas and transfers onto the clay. So, you dont have to press excessively hard. http://community.ceramicartsdaily.org/topic/3437-glaze-help/?do=findComment&comment=28201. The Pottery Wheel is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Make the paper stencil damp so it sticks to the underglaze. The scraping is also a way to get rid of pieces of clay that are removed during the incising process. The approach taken is a personal choice. are produced using a colloidal process. thanks all. And it can be applied to bisque fired clay before glazing. If you are screen printing onto flat clay, you can use a silkscreen stretched tightly across a frame. You can use wet clay, but its harder to hold the screen fast as the clay is soft. However! Put your underglaze into a container that is large enough for you to dip your pottery into. Also, you can vary the width of the mark by changing how close you are to your work. Liquid starch is sometimes included by potters in their underglaze recipe to improve the underglazes brushability. This is a good way to get quite a precise result. Some potters will use a sharp tool to carve into leather hard clay. But if you want your colors to be more solid, you need to apply at least 2 layers. The result is that when it dries it creates interesting textures on pottery. Cobalt Carbonate. Photos: Denna Nachlinger. 2000. As are the tools that potters use to incise the clay. If you use a roller, its likely that you will get specks and blobs of underglaze elsewhere. A crusty blue glaze with iridescent patina. However, here is one way to use lino as a method of applying underglaze. Once the underglaze has been transferred, carefully peel the paper off the pottery. A simple black glaze can be made with 9% red iron oxide plus 2% cobalt. Spectrum_offers a full palette of rich, vibrant colors that are opaque with 3 coats, semi-opaque with 2 coats and semi-transparent with 1 coat. Traditional Cobalt Decorated Tiles from Delft. The underglaze is applied in layers after the clay has been dampened with a sponge. So, its best to use fine clay. Underglaze, on the other hand, is a colored material applied to the bisque-fired clay before the final glaze firing. I took a ridiculous amount of notes and then put them all in plastic sleeves in a binder. You could add some food coloring so you can see what you are doing. Mid Range Glaze Recipes - Ceramic Arts Network . A good firing temperature for underglazes is often around cone 03 04. The alternative to an electric airbrush is an atomizer that you use by blowing through. Put a small amount of water into a cup, around 3 tablespoons is sufficient. Then use underglaze on a roller to catch pick up on the details of the raised design. Books Garth Clark: Geert Laps Book is a Visual Feast but Intellectually Confused. Remove the stencil with a needle tool. The colors became muted when fired to cone 10 but still held up in hardness and adhesion. They are a great way to add fine detail to your design if you enjoy drawing. Underglaze or colored slip is then painted into the scored areas. Do you paint it on bisqueware and fire separately before glazing over top? Plus he shares some sweet cobalt blue glaze recipes. This unit is used in unity molecular formulas for glazes. Dip the sponge into your underglaze and press it gently against the surface of your pottery. The carved lines are also called incised lines. If other oxides are used, a good starting point is 4% iron, 2% cobalt, 2% manganese dioxide, and 2% copper oxide. It is important to let the layers dry between coats. The air in the vessel will stop the underglaze from going onto the inside surface. Silk screening is just an older name for the same thing. Intro to Glaze Technology . You can either make or buy your own silkscreen. Today, most commercial underglazes are formulated using frits, which reduce shrinkage, allowing them to be applied to both greenware and bisqueware. You can also add some gum Arabic or CMC or glycerine or similar additive to make the mixture more brushable. base mixing stage. When the underglaze has dried, you can sand the underglaze down. how many remington model six were made cobalt underglaze recipe Carbonate: The compound of carbon and oxygen in a 1:3 ratio that gives a negatively charged ion. Underglaze Techniques Covered in This Article: 16 Underglaze Techniques Why Not Experiment? You can find all our products available to buy online, as well as in our three branches. After many firings and many eliminations, this recipe came very close to replicating commercial underglaze. 1.Development of China glaze cobalt blue painted patterns c. 1775 - 1810. We could use Weve Been Here The Whole Time | Adero Willard | Episode 917, Gallery Exhibit of clay students and teachers #3, A New Village Potter Resident: Caroline Woolard, an Intentional and Intuitive Potter. Once the underglaze is dry they sand down the unscored areas to remove excess underglaze and clay debris. However, one tip is to make the first watercolor layer more watery than later layers. This blog is a chronicle of what I have learned as I got back into the potter's saddle! proplyene-glycol antifreeze as a direct substitution. You can use as much or as little underglaze as you like. As you push, it will scoop out lines in the rubber. You can receive great technical information This technique involved rubbing the clay with a stone to create a smooth sheen. There are potters who apply underglaze with a slip trailer. This Overglaze colors were painted on to fill in the design. Wondering if anyone has experience with other commercial underglazes or recipes to share? Like other decorating techniques, it can be a good idea to apply white underglaze before you paint your design. The principle behind screen printing is that an image or text is burned onto a piece of fabric. The same technique can be used by modern-day potters, using underglaze. I actually emailed with Jon Singer three years ago about his results with rare earth colorants like Europeum when I was try to develop a different path to pink. Flux elements such as sodium, stabilizers such as alumina, and even some glass formers also influence valence electrons. ClayCraft - Issue 58, December 2021 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. old trucks for sale by owner'' in ontario; relihan funeral home obituaries douglas, ga; January 17, 2014 in Clay and Glaze Chemistry, Someone at the ceramic supply store I've been going to recently mentioned to me that it's possible to do a sort of underpainting with cobalt carbonate mixed with water. It can harm the eyes, skin, heart, and lungs. Incorporate Sta Flo Laundry Starch until the mixture reaches a thin yogurt consistency and sieve the entire mixture again. Unlike glaze, the color of underglaze in its container is more or less the color it will be when fired. Make a batch of slip out of the same clay body, and add a small percentage of stain, say 2%. I've tried 2 different shades of Amaco's LUG series, but don't like the consistency, or visibility. Let the underglaze sit for a moment so that any bubbles can rise to the surface. Because this involves quite a bit of huffing and puffing, it is not ideal for large pieces. You can buy either wax or chalk underglaze crayons. One of the simplest ways to use underglaze is to dip your pottery into it. Got balls clay, EPK, Feldspars and fluxes (whiting dolomite zinc etc) and gerstley borate. These glazes are typically flux saturated and the matteness comes from precipitating crystals of the flux in combination with aluminum and silicon. Jennifer Poellot Harnetty, editor. A 16oz jar of another color yielded 190g, a slightly better percentage of powder-to-water. You can also buy sponges that are pre-cut into a range of shapes. Porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue decoration, 11 15/16 x 13 3/4in. If you have scooped the line of the design away, your image will be indented into the lino. 5 layers of underglaze are common. It can then be transferred onto your ceramic work in a few different ways. Because a significant amount of alumina can be dissolved from the clay body by the glaze during firing, glaze thickness can cause the same glaze to turn blue (where thick) and green (where thin) on the same piece. Hi - I use this slip - 50% spar 50% ball clay and then 2.5% Co and .5% iron oxide. You need to rub the whole piece of pottery until it is a bit darker and has a soft sheen. This allows for complete integration of all raw materials, including the colorant, during the I prefer oxide to carb. Antifreeze is ethylene-glycol and is toxic. Underglaze provides a long-lasting color, while glaze is used to create effects, such as a crackled or textured surface. Which Way Up Do You Dip Cups, Bowls, and Vessels? If you are working with multiple colors, make sure that your brush is clean when switching between colors. However, it is worth it to make sure the details pop. I actually mixed three batches of each recipe to testing gums and suspenders, without which, any substance mixed from the above ingredients would settle to a It is found in rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals, including people. Then add 3 teaspoons of washing up soap into the water. By itself this color concentrate is slightly more fluxed than under-glaze at ^06 and not quite as fluxed as most glazes at ^6. Powered by Invision Community. Lino cutters come with various size blades. Here's an example of trying to get 0.2% cobalt into a 100g batch vs a 4000g batch. You can cut away the background around your design. Airbrushes are great for creating color gradients. You seem like an endless wealth of technical information. Everyone at our studio much prefers this mix to under-glazes as they never blister or change color. Because the lines are relatively sharp, any smudging or bleeding when clear glaze is applied on top is magnified. was looking for on how to make underglazesomething similar to commercial underglaze. When you invert the bottle and squeeze it gently, the underglaze comes out of the end of the nozzle. Generally, it is said that underglaze is not suitable for slip trailing. Others prefer to apply to bisque ware. allowed for full incorporation of the color with the other two ingredients during the mixing of the base recipe. If you have cut the background away, the design will stand proud of the lino block. I started by choosing a clay and a flux. Just want it to fuse with the pot once bisque. In a deep and classic blue and white colorway, the pattern was originally launched in 1812. This underglaze comes in solid blocks that you wet and then apply with a brush. Today sunflower captures the same authentic Spode blue that was born from the original process of under-glaze printing from hand-engraved copper plates. Hence the watercolor look. The substance created does not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a typical suspension. With underglaze, the world really is your creative oyster. 1 I remember it as being brushable (like 10,000 irises worth), stable and not harsh.Might be time to try it in the wood kiln Nice David! Once the paint has dried the excess can simply be wiped off the wax resist surface. They Even when very sharp tools are used to scrape excess you can lose some detail in the design. CAS No. Pottery Bowls. Click here to view examples. I make ceramic sculpture so the blending of it with other glazes is not a problem. Someone taught me to mix it in very strong green tea Their argument was that the acid in the tea helps the mix/adherence. Im sure I tested every recipe I could find or invent. It can be further diluted with water or brushing medium like propylene glycol or gylcerin. But then I began to focus on clay sculpture and I left the wheel behind. A good idea is to buy a slab of sponge that might be used to line a chair. Because the mist is fine, you will definitely need to apply layers to your work to get a deep color. Yes, you can apply to either greenware or bisque. Is there anything I can trade for a frit? Underglaze copper red decoration was very rare. Effectively the bisque pottery is sitting upturned in a bath of underglaze bubbles. Humans have been doing this for so long, like Chris Campbell asked - is anything original? Some potters use electric airbrushes, others use very simple ones that you blow through. Once you have covered the area you want marbling with foam and underglaze carry it to the sink. A very handy thing about electric airbrushes is that you can buy spare bottles. Other types of underglaze pens work a little bit like a slip trailing bulb. All potters and ceramic artists are welcome! adhesion needed. I've also tried cobalt oxide with gerstley borate & frit, which brushes better and depth is more visible. for honor player count xbox 202110; steve porcaro rosanna arquette; university of portland tennis; chemung county eviction court Every mole of flux should include more than 0.2 moles of MgO to get purple. thanks David I will try it. Total. Clay with grog in it will be harder to score and the lines will be less defined. Also available in CM in the classified or you could just use Alberta. This is an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for the site to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Underglaze pens are good for fine detail work. Thanks for the info! Also, although sgraffito can be done on soft clay, it is better to wait until it is leather hard. In addition to this, the way you fire something will affect how your pottery turns out. thanks for the useful information on mixing this stuff. This is fine if you are trying to achieve a watercolor effect. Have any questions? Smooth the shaving foam out with a flat edge like a spatula or a ruler. That was tip from Linda Arbuckle that has worked well over the years. Copper Carbonate. However, be careful not to load your brush so much that it drips once it has been applied. It is generally insoluble. One or more of the oxides of copper, manganese, and chrome are added in many black glazes. This 2oz jar of underglaze dries down to 21g of powder Tap picture for full size Only a part of that 21 grams is actual stain powder, it is mixed into a medium. The underglaze is put in a little bowl on top of the pipe. When fired, the carbonate breaks down and CO2 goes up the chimney, leaving behind an oxide. However, two or more colorants in a glaze interact so that the wavelengths of light absorbed are different for the combination than for either colorant by itself. Here are 16 of the best and most versatile ways of using underglaze on your pottery and ceramics. (30.3 x 34.9cm). Out of stock. Roasting Alberta Slip at 1000F Roasted Alberta Slip (right) and raw powder (left). A banding wheel is basically a flat surface on a turntable. It is easy to make and use paper stencils to apply underglaze. Take a look here for some tips on preventing underglaze smudging and bleeding. The level of harm depends upon the . Then using a sharp knife or scalpel, you can cut and sculpt your foam into whatever shape you like. Gerstley borate provides needed flux and suspension in water which gives people an easy way to portion out color. You then blow through the pipe and it sprays the underglaze onto your pottery. Try the cobalt and frit in equal amounts, then add water to find the consistency and color you want. We make mason stain color bottles with 2/3 water and 22% gerstley borate, mixed and sieved. Cobalt (Co) is a hard, gray metal that occurs naturally. It looks like a lot of overlap between these materials. However, some potters claim that the scraping process can blur the scored edges. And a small amount of frit 3124. However, I'm a little confused about your metrics. Another tip is to combine using an airbrush with a stencil. Usually, several layers are used to make the color opaque enough. Try it with Cobalt Blue under or over. There are a variety of ways to paint ceramics and painting underglaze can look spectacular. Iron is not required to make a black glaze, but as an alternative, it is inexpensive, readily available, and non-toxic. This is a subdued blue not harsh at all.Vinod. With a powerful colourant like cobalt, this can be a big change. And its difficult to create the raised line appearance typical of slip trailing. If we use lots of talc, dolomite or another source of magnesium in a cobalt glaze, a beautiful bubble-gum purple glaze can be the result! However, drawing with an underglaze pencil on unfired clay would likely gouge into the surface of your ware. As much as I love underglazes, there is something wonderful about cobalt blue decoration. You could also apply the stain over the glaze. You may be applying the clear glaze directly on top of the underglaze on its raw unfired state. But blue is not the only color cobalt produces. But, test before doing a full scale piece. Want to discuss quantum mechanics or laser exciters he's the guy. Sometimes I sponge on the glaze, but that takes a long time to get a good coat and since I'm doing a set of plates I will probably be brushing. If your pottery is dry or bisque-fired, its a good idea to dampen it down a little. Additions of stains and oxides can be done to personal taste. Try it over black, really red, cobalt blue, etc. So, you can apply the crayon and then blend or smudge in with your finger or a tool. and without flaws. This is a simple way to get two or more different colors aligned quite precisely around the shape of your choice. The truth is, I was a nerdy ceramics undergraduate student. In this article, I will look at some common ways to use underglaze. I'm going to post some C & H wisdom. Sieve all materials with an 80 mesh sieve and then ball mill for at least 12 hours. A pleasee to talk with. The bulb is made of rubber and is the right size to be held by hand. Its possible to buy very fine metal nozzles for a slip trailer. Apply 3 or more layers if you want opacity. Today sunflower captures the same authentic Spode blue that was born from the original process of under-glaze printing from hand-engraved copper plates. It can be lush if planned on. The two glaze examples given here, Reitz Green Glaze and Emilys Purple, are both cone 910, but cobalts spectrum of effects can be seen at all temperatures. Buy a slab of foam sponge. They then let the underglaze go touch dry. You also have to keep your hands very clean because the smallest amount will leave a fingerprint on your work after the most delicate touch. Pottery Crafts. It needs to be touch dry rather than shiny wet before you start burnishing again. My clay choices included: EPK kaolin, calcined kaolin, OM-4 ball clay, and talc, all fairly white firing as to not add to the color, and each contributing something different to the Then you can press the lino onto your pottery surface to transfer the underglaze. If you are working on bisque or bone dry clay the sprayed underglaze will dry very quickly. Method 1 Making a Glaze with Turpentine and Stand Oil Download Article 1 Buy linseed stand oil and turpentine from an art store. cobalt underglaze recipehouses for rent in riverside, ca under $1,000. The pressure you put on the pen tip opens a valve that transfers the underglaze onto your work. Most underglaze transfers can be applied to greenware or bisqueware. cobalt underglaze recipe. I would take a slip (LUG) and then add more cobalt since you seemed to like that. Making a Test Tile for Colored Slip. Smooth, silky, perfectly opaque, commercial underglaze is that wonderful substance that coats and colors both greenware and bisque ware with ease (Ive even seen it work on mature cone 04 earthenware), Potters refer to this as inlaying the underglaze or slip. Hold the vessel upside down with the lip level and horizontal. The spray that it creates is less fine than an electric airbrush and has a splatter effect too. often was too much. The silkscreen is then peeled away carefully once the image has been transferred onto the pottery. This glaze covered their newly invented fritware, a thinner and whiter ware made from a mixture containing quartz, white clay and potash or soda. Stir the mixture, then using a drinking straw, blow air into the mixture. glazes cone 6. So, the ratio of underglaze to water is 3 to 1. If you can think of a use for it you can also make a cobalt tape which is flexible and can be cut with scissors or hole punches then applied. In a deep and classic blue and white colourway, the pattern was originally launched in 1812. Then using a sponge (or a brush if you prefer), dab underglaze onto the cut-out shape. But it looks like it's probably a lot of the same materials to create photo luminescence where the element absorbs light then gives it off over time as the excited electrons drop back into their lower orbitals (at least according to pre-quantum mechanics chemistry). It creates a permanent color that can't be changed after glazing and firing. Some ceramicists screenprint underglaze onto slabs of wet clay. Paint a strip of this slip mixture onto the tile and write on the tile that this is a 2% mixture. 2000. Then, roll your bisque fired ceramics through the surface of the shaving foam. A small addition of a lower melting frit will tend to "set" the bisque fired material a bit. The designs were created using cobalt oxide painted on to a tin glaze before firing. In commercially made decals the backing paper is often tissue-like and translucent. Why not check out my step by step video on the underglaze bubble technique. If you only apply one layer, the color will look translucent when fired. To that is added a small amount of Redart clay to take off the harshness off the blue a tad by the presence of iron oxide and to improve brushing consistency. Pour in the gerstley borate mixture leaving 1" at the top of each bottle then shake thoroughly. Clay needs to be damp when it is being burnished. Spraying the underglaze on through a stencil can create interesting patterns and effects. Then break these larger pieces into smaller pieces and put them in a bucket or container. Can you paint unfired clay with the cobalt-water mixture before you bisque it? As a result, the underglaze does not layer up. There are however a couple of approaches to the Mishima technique. And what's not to love about that? This will burst the bubbles in the bucket that are sitting against the bisque ware. To this we add 11.1% mason stain plus 5.6% zircopax for colors other than blacks or greys. DJ Grape Glaze Recipe DJ's GRAPE GLAZE WITH COBALT CARBONATE cone 6 Neph Sy- 18g Frit 3134- 14g Whiting- 20g OM4- 18g Silica- 30g 100g sample ALSO NEED Chrome Oxide- 0.2g Tin Oxide- 7.5g Cobalt Carbonate-1g RIO- 0.5g. Britt- the recipe you mentionedstarch? Cut out a piece of lino the right size for your design. 2 days to break down. Why do this? I prefer to put oxides and underglazes on greenware and then bisque; that way, if I need to touch up a color, I can do so before glazing. To make CMC liquid, stir 30 grams dry CMC in 1 qt. This is limited edition only available in spring and summer season. It has a nozzle or nib attached. The lack of sieving and ball milling did the same. 0. The piece was then fired again at a lower temperature. In the end, mixing this After discovering commercial underglaze, I was sure I could make that too. I'm a student at University in my final year and am doing Independent Studies on Ceramics. Black glazes are typically achieved using cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate plus a blend of iron and other metallic oxides. Either a table or if you want to keep things tidy, you can spray it into a tray. Let me look Kawai BlueFine red clay (I use Redart) 75Amakusa (I use Cornwall Stone) 25Cobalt Oxide 1.2RIO 1.7Apply thin for bisque under a clear glaze. Using the tips of your fingers or dipping tongs you can submerge your ware into the underglaze. I fired the earthenware tests to cone 04 and the stoneware These characteristics were my goal when learning how to make underglaze. After they have painted in the underglaze or slip, they wait for it to dry. They are also perfect for scraffito, stenciling, marbling, and other decorative techniques. Dont have time to read the whole article? 0. I generally brush my glazes, since I don't have the equipment for spraying or the large buckets of glaze for dipping (small operation, here!) And bristles that get stuck in the underglaze will burn off when the clay is fired.

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