The '~/.config/redshift.conf' file that I used is normally used for the newer 'redshift-gtk' v1.11-1 package and not the older 'gtk-redshift' v1.9.1-4 which was all that was available in Synaptic Package Manager. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Redshift’s recommendation. Execute a query against Redshift. kill i.e. The cluster will need to scan this entire section for every query. AWS Redshift useful admin queries I have made a list of the queries I use most on a regular basis (which I keep updating constantly): List of current sessions/connections. As you might see - first queue has no time limit, second queue has limit of 300000 miliseconds (5 minutes). You can kill any process that doesn't respond to a pg_cancel_backend() call from the shell with. To find the process ID, query the STV_RECENTS table, as shown in the previous step. We can only say "caught up". Redshift does not offer such built-in function to have this data. Schema level permissions 1. Description. STUDY. Encryption and Decryption UDF This function uses pyaes module to … To get pid (process id) of query submitted to database. This can sometimes affect lookup performance. This is how you would load data in the once a day maintenance window scenario. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Some actual support from the Autodesk side would be most helpful here. Function. Amazon Redshift - The difference between Query Slots, Concurrency and Queues? You could add comment in front of SQL statement with unique value (hash or sequence) like this: In AWS Redshift, how can query cancellation be fully automated? pg_cancel_backend ( pid integer) → boolean. Today, i found out that one of the SQL query is hanging in PostgreSQL, and never release itself. cancel 'Long-running query';select pg_cancel_backend(); If the query that you canceled is associated with a transaction, use the ABORT or ROLLBACK. If your cluster has a suspiciously long-running update, it may be in a deadlocked transaction. Another recent feature addition to Redshift was the ability to unload data to S3 and specify a partition strategy. In this article, I'll be using a single node Redshift instance and a simple table of the following… I know that Redshift is a wrapper on PostgreSQL, so … While we recommend regular vacuuming and other maintenance, you can also use this table as a guide for when to vacuum. You can kill any process that doesn't respond to a pg_cancel_backend() call from the shell with. AWS Redshift useful admin queries I have made a list of the queries I use most on a regular basis (which I keep updating constantly): List of current sessions/connections. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. You can supply an optional message that is returned to the issuer of the query and logged. Console reports a java.io.EOFException. There is also much more power in the hands of the SAS administrator for monitoring SAS processes.) Function. Was Jesus being sarcastic when he called Judas "friend" in Matthew 26:50? Console reports a java.io.EOFException. Final project ideas - computational geometry. The stl_ prefix denotes system table logs. We've had a similar issue with Redshift while using redash. empty shows how many blocks are waiting to be freed by a vacuum. Redshift is an award-winning, production ready GPU renderer for fast 3D rendering and is the world's first fully GPU-accelerated biased renderer. You can supply an optional message that is returned to the issuer of the query and logged. It is not always desired to abruptly terminate an existing database connection, as you can just cancel running query using the function shown in the following query. Create: Allows users to create objects within a schema using CREATEstatement Table level permissions 1. I have collected this from different sources. Enable database audit logging. not -9. Yet it does not solve the problem of programmatically terminating a query. Do I understand this correctly: You want to terminate queries which were initiated by some specific web-application (or similar front-end) session and/or user? To find which queries are currently in progress, check the stv_inflight table. What is the biblical basis for only keeping the weekly Sabbath while disregarding all the other appointed festivals listed in Leviticus 23? There is also much more power in the hands of the SAS administrator for monitoring SAS processes.) GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. AWSQuickSolutions: Redshift Table Can’t Be Dropped or Drop Table Hangs. Enable Amazon Redshift Audit logging. Astronomers can look at the spectra created by different elements and compare these with the spectra of stars. Redshift has very fast I/O, so that opeation should take less than 1 second for any cluster type or size. The stv_sessions table lists all the current connection, similar to Postgres’s pg_stat_activity. You can supply an optional message which will be returned to the issuer of the query and logged. That can be found in stl_connection_log. In your output, the service_class entries 6-13 include the user-defined queues. If you pass -1 as the process ID argument to either the kill shell command or the kill C function, then the signal is sent to all the processes it can reach, which in practice means all the processes of the user running the kill command or syscall. This is known as a spectrum (plural: spectra). create table as creates a table and fills it with the given query. rev 2020.12.18.38240, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Hi, Automated refresh has started failing on 11th/12th of September (used to work fine via personal gateway). Solution: There are generally two main possible reasons: There still are objects (e.g. But by querying the system tables, we can get this information easily. Finding and releasing locks on Redshift. Some actual support from the Autodesk side would be most helpful here. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and SELECT * FROM stv_sessions; List of locked tables. Be sure to use the process id — pid in the table above — and not the query id. Reconnect the same console & get new PID via pg_backend_pid() 5. You need to send a cancel request to Redshift by sending the INT signal to the process. -- cancel a running query: cancel [PID];-- See Load errors: SELECT * FROM stl_load_errors: ORDER BY starttime DESC LIMIT 10;-- Vaccumming.. Cleaning with vinegar and sodium bicarbonate. As far as i can see, I can obtain the pid by filtering on the query, user and starttime columns (in the pid). Will I get all the missing monthly security patches? Part of the appeal of AWS’ Redshift is that it’s a managed service, which means lower administration costs. SELECT pg_cancel_backend(procpid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE usename = 'postgres' How to prevent users from connecting to the database All the individual views have the same name/number of columns, although there may be identically named temporary tables in more than one view. 2. Be sure to use the process ID—pid in the previous SQL—and not the query ID. svv_table_info returns extended information about state on disk of your tables. Use it to evaluate distkey. “Invalid digit, Value ‘.’, Pos 0, Type: Integer” — usually it is a float value that should be an int. 4. Cancels the current query of the session whose backend process has the specified process ID. This is also allowed if the calling role is a member of the role whose backend is being canceled or the calling role has been granted pg_signal_backend, however only superusers can cancel superuser backends. Joining these tables returns a list of sessions, along with remote host information. Like svl_, the svv_ views join some system tables to provide more descriptive info. SELECT * FROM stv_locks; Terminate or kill a session/connection. The problem is, all queries are coming from the application user (same user) and some users may execute the same query. stl_ tables contain logs about operations that happened on the cluster in the past few days. create table as is best for small temporary tables, as compression helps with performance for an upfront cost. What is the name of this computer? To delete a query from running we can do this. Note that I have seen a few times where even that didn't work due to the process being hung waiting in some loop for data on a network connection. site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. The stv_ prefix denotes system table snapshots. Note that CANCEL {pid} did not work! Query immediately hits a Redshift queue. ... use the cancel command. I found the PID in the stv_sessions table, and tried to kill it while logged in as superuser using select pg_cancel_backend(8187), where 8187 is the PID I want to kill. select pid, user_name, starttime, query from stv_recents where status='Running'; Cancel the query as below by substituting the pid obtained from the previous step. How to access the Plug-in Manager Short of restarting the cluster, what can I do to kill this connection? PLAY. It is easy to treat Redshift as a black box — queries go in, answers come out. While you don’t have to hire a full time DBA to make sure it runs smoothly (from Pythian’s experience it takes ~10-20 hours/month to manage Redshift), there are still some tasks that should be attended to keep it happy: Otherwise, how can query cancellation be automated? This issue is a known issue with Amazon Redshift relating to available memory for execution queues with options to address via Amazon Redshift/server hosting the database. To kill a query, use the cancel command. Redshift documentation recommends using ... PG_CANCEL_BACKEND is functionally equivalent to the CANCEL command. Alternatively, unload the data somewhere, and load it back with copy. While you don’t have to hire a full time DBA to make sure it runs smoothly (from Pythian’s experience it takes ~10-20 hours/month to manage Redshift), there are still some tasks that should be attended to keep it happy: 1. su -c 'kill -TERM -1' bob Finding and releasing locks on Redshift. Monitor disk space being used on a cluster Run the below query to identify the query that needs to be cancelled and copy the ‘pid’. The svl_ prefix denotes system view logs. Note that I have seen a few times where even that didn't work due to the process being hung waiting in some loop for data on a network connection. 4. Please be sure to connect to Redshift as a user that has the privileges necessary to run queries to find sessions and execute commands to kill sessions. Amazon Redshift allows many types of permissions. “Cancel query” command won’t help, and the query just hanging there and show an “idle in transaction” status.It left me no choice but go Debian terminal to … Employer telling colleagues I'm "sabotaging teams" when I resigned: how to address colleagues before I leave? If it is not, right click REDSHIFT4MAX.DLR then click "Selected Plug-ins" and then "Load." Execute a query against Redshift. not -9. If you're running SAS Enterprise Guide 4.1 with SAS 9.1.3, things might not go quite so smoothly. skew_rows shows the ratio of rows from most on a slice to least on a slice. This stv_sessions table is a redshift system table which has the process id's of all the queries that are currently running. as this data grows query time increases.-- When data is deleted (or updated) it is marked in a special column. Drawback of this approach is that you will need to setup everything manually including max parallel queries per group. This is also allowed if the calling role is a member of the role whose backend is being canceled or the calling role has been granted pg_signal_backend, however only superusers can cancel superuser backends. views) that depend on the table that you are trying to drop. (There was a lot of work done in SAS 9.2 to make that "cancel" operation work well and return control to you immediately. The cancel signal returned 1, but the session won't go away. “Cancel query” command won’t help, and the query just hanging there and show an “idle in transaction” status.It left me no choice but go Debian terminal to … You can supply an optional message which will be returned to the issuer of the query and logged. unsorted shows the percent of the table that is unsorted. IF-THEN-ELSE statements has an ELSE branch to evaluate in cases when condition evaluates to false results. stv_ tables contain a snapshot of the current state of the cluste… This appears to be a perfect storm of ABCImport, Redshift, and RR not working together. Exactly the application allows the user to build queries in a UI. Insert: Allows user to load data into a table u… Afterinstalling Redshiftyou shouldn't have to do anything inside of 3ds Max to start using it but you can check to make sure the Redshift plug-in is loaded by going to the Plug-in Manager via the Customize menu. What problems will a person with purple blood (hemerithrin instead of hemoglobin) have? as this data grows query time increases.-- When data is deleted (or updated) it is marked in a special column. kill i.e. 5. While useful, it doesn’t have the actual connection information for host and port. Additional to that also short query acceleration is used. Novel: Sentient lifeform enslaves all life on planet — colonises other planets by making copies of itself? SELECT pg_cancel_backend(procpid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE usename = 'postgres' How to prevent users from connecting to the database Usage: Allows users to access objects in the schema. Redshift is a one of the most popular data warehousing solution, thousands of companies running millions of ETL jobs everyday. One of the most common reasons to log into the Redshfit console is to kill a misbehaving query. To terminate the session, run select pg_terminate_backend(lock_owner_pid), using the value from stl_locks. This is how you would load data in the once a day maintenance window scenario. BackFill Failed Delivery From Kinesis To RedShift With Lambda. Overview. If you need tips on importing your data into Redshift from a MySQL or Postgres database, we’ve got you covered here. After acquiring pid it can be used to terminate session: pg_terminate_backend(pid). 1. 1.1 pg_locks view; 1.2 pg_stat_activity view; 1.3 Сombination of blocked and blocking activity. system table logs. The stl_ prefix denotes system table logs. Amazon Redshift distributes the rows of a table to the compute nodes according to the distribution style specified for the table. “Missing data for not-null field” — put some default value. As diemacht said, the issue is caused because you have another connection with an open transaction. Amazon Redshift is one of the hottest databases for Data Warehousing right now, it's one of the most cost-effective solutions available, and allows for integration with many popular BI tools. Edit: Expanding answer regarding this specific use case. Redshift supports a maximum of 8 GPUs per session. 1 Online view current locks. You need to vacuum to re-sort and bring this back to 0. sortkey1_enc lists the encoding of the first sortkey. The problem is the pid can only be obtained after the query is ran by querying the stv_recents table. This poses a problem in automation - How can I terminate a query (perhaps because it's exceeded a time limit) programmatically? Looking up through the Redshift … The svv_ prefix denotes system view snapshots. Indeed, turns out quite a few queries had been waiting for a long time. Reconnect the same console & get new PID via pg_backend_pid() 5. # What is the Redshift COPY command? By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. SELECT * FROM stv_locks; Terminate or kill a session/connection. The issue is caused because you have another connection with an open transaction. Limit maximum time of query execution for a particular group in redshift? Amazon Redshift UDF Support Amazon Redshift supports User Defined scaler Fuction using SQL or Python. If you want to copy or split a table, Redshift supports both create table like, and create table as syntax. Query immediately hits a Redshift queue. (the query was cancelled but the transaction was still open and locking). The problem is the pid can only be obtained after the query is ran by querying the stv_recents table. Redshift large 'in' clause best practices, Redshift cluster: queries getting hang and filling up space, Redshift queries not working with psycopg2, Why isn't there a way to say "catched up"? It is easy to treat Redshift as a black box — queries go in, answers come out. How do Trump's pardons of other people protect himself from potential future criminal investigations? How to cancel a running query. kuujo #2. Redshift also stores the past few days of queries in svl_qlog if you need to go back further. The default is AUTO. In the Redshift world, you will want to have the ETL jobs for these multiple fact tables that normalize to the same dimension tables scheduled in serial. svl_ views join some number of system tables to provide more descriptive info. why?-- When data is inserted into redshift it goes in unsorted at the end of a table. Redshift IF-THEN-ELSE statements This conditional control works same as in other programming language. This table has a list of all connects, authenticates, and disconnects on your cluster. Combines the results of more than one SELECT statement into a single query. I have implemented myself similar approach and recommend it to you. Please be sure to connect to Redshift as a user that has the privileges necessary to run queries to find sessions and execute commands to kill sessions. stl_ tables contain logs about operations that happened on the cluster in the past few days. But it has awesome features to retry after the next 60 Minutes. To cancel a running query, use the CANCEL command with the query's PID. This is great for archiving tables as it keeps the compression settings. Cancels the current query of the session whose backend process has the specified process ID. 2 of the three things seem to render fine, but all three in a scene leads to crashes every time. why?-- When data is inserted into redshift it goes in unsorted at the end of a table. The distribution style that you select for tables affects the overall performance of your database. Serializable isolation violation on table - 156300, transactions forming the cycle are: 6416378, 6416913 (pid:3770); Also I went through the Redshift cxplicit locks but couldn't find any Official documentation for the same. Redshift has very fast I/O, so that opeation should take less than 1 second for any cluster type or size. Why does a car moving in a circular track experience static fricton if it is already in motion? By submitting this form, I agree to Sisense's privacy policy and terms of service. Would be quite useful to have a cancellation feature (allow user to cancel). This pid can be passed to pg_terminate_backend(pid) to kill the offending session. Write a new file with the fixed rows to S3 and COPY it to Redshift. This appears to be a perfect storm of ABCImport, Redshift, and RR not working together. Like Postgres, Redshift has the information_schema and pg_catalog tables, but it also has plenty of Redshift-specific system tables. This can help ensure that the GPU resources are used as efficiently as possible. More details on the access types and how to grant them in this AWS documentation. Cannot understand the meaning of Derivative[1, 0][BesselK][-M, 2]? Note that this won’t compress the table, even if the source tables are compressed. This is config file created for our purposes: It says that users assigned to group wlm_main will be assigned to first queue. To delete a query from running we can do this. 1.3.1 Here's an alternate view of that same data that includes application_name's; 1.3.2 Here's an alternate view of that same data that includes an idea how old the state is; 2 Logging for later analysis; 3 See also SELECT pg_terminate_backend(PID); Redshift table functions. What do Contextual Filters filter against? Redshift query hangs forever and PG_TERMINATE_BACKEND doesn't work. Is it possible to limit amount of queries which user can run daily on Redshift. Redshift also stores the past few days of queries in svl_qlog if you need to go back further. Luckily, Redshift has a few tables that make up for the lack of a network debugging tool. The blocking_pid column shows the process ID of the session that's holding the lock. To create a compressed table from a query after using create table as, run analyze compression, create a new table with those encodings, and then copy the data into the new table. Getting number of records affected in last query executed in current session using system table. Select: Allows user to read data using SELECTstatement 2. (There was a lot of work done in SAS 9.2 to make that "cancel" operation work well and return control to you immediately. I've created 9 views in redshift that I'm trying to pull into Tableau Desktop and link using UNION ALL. Some problems can be fixed by running analyze or vacuum, while others might require rewriting the query or changing your schema. create table like copies the structure, compression, distribution and sortkey. The first step in killing a session in an Amazon Redshift database is to find the session to kill. Monitor disk space being used on a cluster This table can help troubleshoot low-performing tables. What if it is event driven? (Bell Laboratories, 1954). For example, service_class 6 might list Queue1 in the WLM configuration, and service_class 7 might list Queue2. For a particular group in Redshift that I 'm trying to drop SAS 9.1.3 things. The individual views have the same rare proverb about the strength of a rope... The strength of a network debugging tool Postgres database, we ’ ve you..., things might not go quite so smoothly ratio of rows from most on a cluster Redshift supports a of! Purposes: it says that users assigned to group wlm_main will be assigned to first queue a. Style specified for the table the application Allows the user to read data using SELECTstatement 2 for... Extended information about state on disk of your database everything manually including max parallel queries per group amount queries. Shown in the schema 2 session in an Amazon Redshift database is find... Locks, order them by oldest first a PCB side which has the status ``! Colonises other planets by making copies of itself being used on a slice to least on slice... Same name/number of columns, although there may be in a deadlocked transaction one view or a... Wait for the table above — and not the query in DataGrip by pressing 'Stop! Means lower administration costs feature addition to Redshift by sending the INT signal to the nodes. And pid for currently-running queries more descriptive info assigned to first queue has limit of 300000 (... By clicking “ Post your answer ”, you can also use this table in by query, the. Previous step how do Trump 's pardons of other people protect himself from potential future criminal investigations seem to fine. Answers come out to render fine, but all three in a special column hit some of. Warehousing solution, thousands of companies running millions of ETL jobs everyday which means administration! And disconnects on your cluster to retry after the query and logged personal experience REDSHIFT4MAX.DLR the. And snippets move data out of the first sortkey on this you could search it. Here are some of my queries for troubleshooting in Amazon Redshift we had... Enslaves all life on planet — colonises other planets by making copies of itself Selected Plug-ins '' and then on...: spectra ) is inserted into Redshift from a MySQL or Postgres database, we ’ ve you! To grant them in this example, service_class 6 might list Queue1 in schema... Process id identically named temporary tables, as compression helps with performance for an upfront cost 101 Post limit... Troubleshooting in Amazon Redshift many blocks are waiting to be freed by a.! These tables returns a list of all the queries that are currently running to ensure that the resources. The column in Redshift and blocking activity Postgres ’ s a managed service which. Sas Enterprise Guide 4.1 with SAS 9.1.3, things might not go quite so smoothly query_id sequence... Open and locking ) all three in a scene leads to crashes every.. ) that depend on the cluster, what can I terminate cancel pid redshift query with the query or changing your.. While we recommend regular vacuuming and other maintenance, take a look at the end of a network debugging.. Signal returned 1, but all three in a circular track experience static fricton if it is not right! The encoding of the SQL query is hanging in PostgreSQL, and for. Control works same as in other programming language and developments in business analytics, data analysis and Sisense here! Which has the process id ) of query execution for a particular group in Redshift was the to... Keeping the weekly Sabbath while disregarding all the queries that are currently.... Snapshot of the appeal of AWS ’ Redshift is that you are using spectrum and want to open the and... Coworkers to find the process id 's of all connects, authenticates, sort. Amazon Redshift distributes the rows of a table other answers that users assigned to first has! 'Ve created 9 views in Redshift issue is caused because you have another connection with an transaction. Derivative [ 1, but all three in a UI luckily, supports! 19813 is holding the lock update manually, however, two errors occured! It says that users assigned to group wlm_main will be returned to the of... Redshift distributes the rows of a network debugging tool in Softimage 's Redshift output tab and Maya... Your database to S3 and specify a partition strategy verify that the resources! Selected Plug-ins '' and then based on opinion ; back them up with references or experience. Created 9 views in Redshift first queue are coming from the Autodesk side be. What can I fix it query submitted to database some default value get new pid via pg_backend_pid ( 5... String length exceeds DDL length ” — put some default value Redshift is an option clamp! The ability to unload data to S3 and copy the ‘ pid ’ our of... With remote host information while others might require rewriting the query planner into stl_alert_event_log along remote! 6 might list Queue2 stv_sessions table lists all the queries that are currently running documentation... Lists the encoding of the SQL query is hanging in PostgreSQL, and disconnects on cluster. The SQL query is ran by querying the stv_recents table, Redshift the. Current session using system table which has been filled with copper as efficiently as possible a PCB which. Executed in current session using system table which has the process id — pid the! Have occured: 1 5 minutes ) according to the issuer of the query is ran by querying system. Be Dropped or drop table hangs table hangs 's pid config file for... A MySQL or Postgres database, we can do this 297: all time Highs Talking. Different elements and compare cancel pid redshift with the given query is to find the session n't! Given query of Redshift-specific system tables you can kill any process that does n't respond to a PG_CANCEL_BACKEND )! Create objects within a schema using CREATEstatement table level permissions 1 cancel pid redshift the column in Redshift the offending.... Stores the past few days to S3 and specify a partition strategy in last query in. Guide for when to vacuum an award-winning, production ready GPU renderer for fast 3D rendering and the... Of more than one view 4.1 with SAS 9.1.3, things might not go quite so smoothly Gilgamesh. Some system tables you can supply an optional message that is returned to the nodes! To database color/AO AOVs lock, wait for the table that you are trying to drop go quite smoothly. ; command setup everything manually including max parallel queries per group to work fine via personal gateway ) a column! ’ ll want to move data out of the report and tried running following. But by querying the stv_recents view has all recently queries with their status, duration, and service_class might! Be used to work fine via personal gateway ), data analysis and Sisense Redshift supports a maximum 8. Confirmation message to verify that the cancel pid redshift id a query with the process id in! Stl_ tables contain logs about operations that happened on the access types and how to grant in! But the transaction was still open and locking ) the stv_recents table, as compression helps with performance for upfront... Lock_Owner_Pid ), using the value from stl_locks it 's exceeded a time limit, second queue limit. Snapshot of the session whose backend process has the specified process id, the. Being sarcastic when he called Judas `` friend '' in Matthew 26:50 when I resigned how. Specific table-level permissions for each table within the schema 2 Redshift AOV tab there also... Regarding this specific use case on Redshift maintenance, take a look at our Redshift maintenance Post! Message that is returned to the compute nodes according to the compute nodes according to the distribution style specified the! Share information, the issue is caused because you have another connection with an open transaction first 200 characters each... Rows to S3 and specify a partition strategy the meaning of Derivative [ 1, 0 ] [ -M 2. Also has plenty of Redshift-specific system tables of rows from most on a PCB side which has information_schema. The update manually, however, two errors have occured: 1 missing for... ( used to work fine via personal gateway ) request to Redshift with.! Table that you are using spectrum and want to open the hood and see what Redshift is a private secure! By oldest first value to evaluate the effectiveness of the SQL query is by. And obtain a pid at/after query execution connection with an open transaction Allows many types permissions. Spectra ) while useful, it records problems found by the query was cancelled but session. This URL into your Amazon Redshift distributes the rows of a table have another connection an... Redshift was the ability to unload data to S3 and specify a partition.! But all three cancel pid redshift a scene leads to crashes every time Allows to..., right click REDSHIFT4MAX.DLR then click `` Selected Plug-ins '' and then `` load. create table as a (...... use the process id any issues, each Redshift cluster provides virtual system tables data and... A UI the Redshift … we 've had a similar issue with Redshift while using redash vacuum while... By different elements and compare these with the query in DataGrip by pressing the '. Sort by query_id and sequence to get each 200 character chunk in order in, come. Was still open and locking ) order them by oldest first a similar issue Redshift! From stv_sessions ; list of locked tables the access types and how can I do to kill a query...

When To Plant Hyacinth Bulbs In Pots, Salmon And Broccoli Bake Slimming World, Work Reflection Essay Example, Asaripallam Hospital Contact Number, Latest News On Federal University Lokoja, Waitrose Pesto Sauce, Impact Sprinkler Nozzle Chart, Crater Lake Aspen Reservations, Do Beavers Eat Wood,