Log in. https://mocomi.com/ presents: AurangzebAurangzeb, born in 1618, was considered as the last great Mughal emperor. The pious ruler of an Islamic state replaced the seasoned statesman of a mixed kingdom; Hindus became subordinates, not colleagues, and the Marathas, like the southern Muslim kingdoms, were marked for annexation rather than containment.The first overt sign of change was the reimposition of the jizya, or … After about 1680, Aurangzeb’s reign underwent a change of both attitude and policy. Aurangzeb. Apart from being an orthodox Muslim, Aurangzeb was also a ruler. [71] Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar , although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, [70] [b] and Aurangzeb took the change still further. Personal whims or religious considerations of the Mughals did not dictate their policy towards the Deccan states. In his advice to posterity, Aurangzeb’s sense of self-righteousness remains. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent through Islamic Sharia. Religious Policy [ ] While Aurangzeb was extending the empire in the east and south, and consolidating his position on the northwest marches, he was also concerned with the strengthening of Islam throughout the kingdom. Muhtasibs were responsible for ensuring that the things, which were forbidden (such as intoxicants … In 1672, Aurangzeb canceled all the land grants previously issued to the Hindus and other religious groups, probably to please the Ulama. The First Phase- 1658 to 1679 The first phase begins from the year of his succession in 1658 to 1679 spanning over a period of twenty one years. After 1679, it seems that Aurangzeb's zeal to destroy temples decreased, as after this, there was no evidence of any large-scale destruction of temples in the south (between 1681 and his death in 1707). Aurangzeb withdrawn the practice of jharoka darshan or showing himself to the public from the balcony (initiated by Akbar). During this time, Aurangzeb greatly expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire. Log in. Sikandar Adil Shah refused to break his alliance with the Marathas. Saif Khan, the old administrator of Kashmir, is remembered as the builder of bridges. In this, he gave the orders that Quranic verses will not be written on coins. As a political and religious conservative, Aurangzeb chose not to follow the secular-religious viewpoints of his predecessors after his ascension. Aurangzeb’s religious policy was largely responsible for the downfall of the Mughal Empire. What people view as Aurangzeb’s botched and discriminatory religious… Required fields are marked *. Aurangzeb and his Religious Policies. Aurangzeb’s religious policy . Your email address will not be published. For instance, Qazi Shaikh-ul-Islam, the sadr of the Imperial Army refused to give a fatwa that war against Muslim kings i.e. Source: MANAS[see also Aurangzeb: A Political History; Aurangzeb: Religious Policies;Mughal Empire] In Indian history, the syncretistic and communalist viewpoints have conventionally been represented, to take one case in point, by offering a contrast between the lives of the two emperors under whom the Mughal Empire was at its zenith, Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) and Aurangzeb … “The religious policy of Aurangzeb was disastrous. Passing such judgment would be historically incorrect. Aurangzeb struck hard against enemies who threatened the integrity or peace of the Mughal state, no matter their status or religion. He was an excellent calligraphist (copyist of Quran). Aurangzeb's religious policy is based on the Islamic theory of kinship. The re-imposition of jizya has been represented as marking the culmination of the spirit of religious bigotry which led to the alienation of the Rajputs, Marathas and the Hindus and hastened the disintegration of the empire. Religion: Islam: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad also known as Aurangzeb or by his title Alamgir was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire. Compare the religious policy of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb Get the answers you need, now! To promote trade among the Muslims who depended (almost) exclusively on state support, Aurangzeb exempted Muslim traders from the payment of cess. During this time, Aurangzeb greatly expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire. The official view as to why Aurangzeb re-imposed the jizya was that he was keen to promote the faith and laws of Islam. Question 7. Why does America want to back out of Open Skies Treaty? © Copyright by Sansar Lochan, India | All Rights Reserved. According to Manucci, Aurangzeb imposed jizya for two reasons: first, because by this time his treasuries had begun to shrink owing to the expenditure on his campaigns; secondly, to force Hindus to become Mohammedans. 1. The religious policy of Aurangzeb brought out serious consequences. But these officials were instructed not to interfere in the private lives of citizens. Their major work was to see that people lived their lives in accordance with the shara. A collection of his decrees had been collected in a work known as Zawabit-i-Alamgiri. Therefore, in 1669, he took strict action especially when he learnt that in some of the temples in Thatta, Multan and especially at Banaras, both Hindus and Muslims used to come from great distances to learn from the Brahmans. Simply suggesting that Aurangzeb’s policies were only loosely implemented gets us no closer to understanding the possibly complex interplay of Aurangzeb’s personal religious commitments, his obligations as a Mughal sovereign, and the rise of non-Muslim political communities. The author goes on to list the various acts of domination or prejudice perpetuated by Aurangzeb during his supremacy of 50 years. Religious policy of Aurangzeb was based on the Islamic theory of kinship. Religious Policy. She writes, “Throughout his reign Aurangzeb’s default policy was to ensure the well-being of Hindu religious institutions and their leaders. Aurangzeb, in a complete reversal of the religious policy of Akbar, adopted and implemented a policy of persecuting people of another faiths. Srivastava, find Aurangzeb, guilty of religious bigotry and persecution. In some regions, such as the north-east and the Deccan, the imperial frontier However, if we look past this, it becomes clear that Aurangzeb’s main concern was the maintenance of the empire, and not religion. Deccan policy of Aurangzeb had political as well as religious purpose. Numerous wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Rajputs. Religious Policy Aurangazeb was a staunch and orthodox Muslim in his personal life. According to the shara, in a Muslim state, the payment of jizyah was obligatory, for the non-Muslims. (ii) To adopt anti-Hindu measures. It is believed that extinction of the states of Bijapur and Golconda was a prior necessity for the destruction of the power of the Marathas in the Deccan. During the second phase, Aurangzeb was inclined to believe that he could drive a wedge between the Deccani rulers and the Marathas by appealing to the religious sentiments of the former, and holding out various material inducements to their employees. Thereupon, many temples built in Orissa during the last ten to twelve years were also destroyed. According to Sarkar, these and other orthodox measures of Aurangzeb were an insidious attempt to establish an Islamic state in India. Religious policies of Aurangzeb There are three main categories of scholars regarding views of Aurangzeb’s religious policies: Jadunath Sarkar, S.R. Aurangzeb banned the ceremony of weighing the emperor against gold and silver and other articles on his birthdays. Aurangzeb felt that he was superior not only had he be-come superior to administer the empire in a better way but also to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. Sharma and A.L. Religious Policy At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. Aurangzeb’s attitude towards temples varied according to time and circumstances. Such converts either expected confirmation or grant of zamindari or preferential treatment for official posts. The ulama also forced him into this by urging that the laying of the jizyah upon the opponents of Islam was compulsory according shari’ah. He was a strict follower of the Sunni sect, to the extent that he per- secuted the members of the Shia sect. Akbar tried to harmonise all the main policies of the major religions in this new religious policy. But in order, to understand this measure, it is also necessary to understand the political, economic and religious trends of the court and the empire. He wanted to overthrow the practice of the infidels. He was a strict … Aurangzeb issued orders to the governors of all provinces to prohibit such practices and to destroy all those temples where such practices took place. His ideal was to transform India into an Islamic state. Aurangzeb’s insistence on Islamic rule was based on his previous education and his strong religious convictions. Aurangzeb, in fact, did not try to change the nature of the state, but reasserted its fundamentally Islamic character. However, Aurangzeb found that the Muslim traders were taking undue advantages of this and cheating the state; therefore, he reinstated it, but kept it at half of what was charged from others. Aurangzeb crowned himself as Emperor of Delhi on July 21, 1658 and assumed the title of Alamgir. The non-Muslim who were the bulk of the population became completely alienated from him. Appointment of non-Muslim on high ranks offices: A Farman addressed by Aurangzeb that there should be one hindu and one muslim on each of the civil and military departments of the state.There were a good number of Hindus who occupied the key posts in the civil and military department of the state during his reign. At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. It is interesting to note that the largest number of Persian works on classical Indian music were written during Aurangzeb's reign. What people view as Aurangzeb’s botched and discriminatory religious… Thanks for helping. In 1686, Aurangzeb imprisoned prince Muazzam on a charge of intriguing with the ruler of Golconda, and kept him in prison for 12 long years. He was a strict follower of the Sunni sect, to the extent that he persecuted the members of the Shia sect. In a course of time, he began to be regarded as a zinda pir, or "a living saint.". Some evidences suggest that Aurangzeb wanted to have the clergy on his side, as the clergy exercised a powerful hold on the minds of men. The religious policy of Akbar is known as 'Din-e-ilahi', which literally means the integrity of all the religions. His policy of religious persecution of the Hindus, who formed the bulk of the population of the country, hastened the fall of his dynasty. Religious policy of Aurangzeb was based on the Islamic theory of kinship. Religious Proclamation. The state of religious policy during Aurangzeb can be determined by the words of M. L. Roy Choudhury, “ The year 1669 A.D. is a memorable year in the history of iconoclasm in India. Aurangzeb appointed Muhtasibs in all the provinces. Therefore, the imposition of jizya coincided with the outbreak of the Rathor war but did not imply abandonment of Akbar’s policy of allying with the Rajputs and other elements. He considered it a superstitious practice and against Islam. Religious Policy: Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim who did not have any faith on the other religions except his own. His great-grandfather had striven to remove the religious and social barriers which divided the various classes of his subjects, and, though exception can be taken to his methods, none can be taken to the end which he had in view. Ask your question. Thus, if Aurangzeb’s objective had been to effect the forcible conversions of the Hindus, he might have attempted it in the newly conquered territories in the Deccan. He was a strict disciplinarian who did not spare even his own sons. The ideal of Aurangzeb was the creation of Muslim theocracy and extinction of all other religions. Aurangzeb reversed the policy which was enunciated by Akbar and pursued by Jahangir and Shah Jahan.The Rajputs were the greatest obstacle in his pursuance of policy against the Hindus. He had enlisted Hindu warrior tribes, chiefly the Rajputs, as reliable defenders of his throne. Despite the respect he had for his father, Aurangzeb vehemently disagreed with many of his father's actions, considering them to be wasteful and extravagant. To adopt anti-Hindu measures. . After about 1680, Aurangzeb’s reign underwent a change of both attitude and policy. Aurangzeb prohibited astrologers from preparing almanacs. Aurangzeb felt that he was superior not only had he be-come superior to administer the empire in a better way but also to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. Aurangzeb was a staunch conservative Sunni Muslim, he considered the importance of Islam as the basis of his rule to the Qur’an ( Shariat ). According to them jizya was collected with utmost severity with the object of not only replenishing Aurangzeb’s treasury but also to convert the poorer sections of the Hindu population into Mohammedans. In 1683, when he visited the caves of Ellora, he noted that images with life like forms have been carved and did not try to destroy them. Aurangzeb stretched his territory from Kashmir (in the north) to Jinji (in the south), and from the Hindukush (in the west) to Chittagong (in the east). The contemporary European travelers suggest a different explanation of the measure. A careful study of Sarkar’s writings recommend that his assessment was mainly based on his analysis of the first half of Aurangzeb’s reign which in his opinion, climaxed by the re-imposition of jizyah and his attempt to annex Marwar and subdue Mewar. Aurangzeb’s personal life was marked by simplicity. He could hardly forget the political reality that the overwhelming population of India was Hindu, and that they were deeply attached to their faith. Whereas, Aurangzeb was a staunch Muslim. The final phase continued from 1687 up to Aurangzeb’s death in 1707. Conclusion Historians are deeply divided when it comes to Aurangzeb's reign and his religious policies. Muhtasibs were responsible for ensuring that the things, which were forbidden (such as intoxicants … Religious Policy of Aurangzeb Religious Policy of Akbar was orthodox and he displayed extreme intolerance in his religious attitude and practice. The proceeds from the jizya were to be lodged in a separate treasury, called the khazanah-i-jizya and were earmarked for charitable purposes. At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. Aurangzeb thought that the death of the Raja had provided him with a further opportunity to advance in his policy of humiliating the Rajas and the Hindus in general. Aurangzeb declared in a farman granted to a priest of Benaras in 1659, that his religion forbade him to allow construction of new temples, but there was no bar on the destruction of old ones. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Thus, suppressing against his insolent full policies and suppressing the Deccan states and Marathas, on 3 March 1707 AD. Aurangzeb ruled for almost 50 years. Aurangzeb as a ruler has attracted a lot of attention due to his policies of administration in the empire especially religious policies. Aurangzeb letters reflected the close attention that he paid to all affairs of the state and governance. Aurangzeb's religious policies are one of the most debated topic than those of other Mughal rulers. Instead, Aurangzeb was a religiously-minded leader who strove hard to ensure an Islamic character permeated through all his actions as leader. Being a fanatic Sunni, Aurangzeb observed and practiced the principles of Islam strictly; he had such faith in Islam that he refused even to think that there could be truth in other religions as well. The extension of the empire was also one of the purposes of Aurangzeb. He had equal regard for all religious system and he believed in the essential unity of all religions. Aurangzeb’s harsh treatment of Hindus, and the reversal of the liberal religious policies of his predecessors, particularly Akbar, have been cited as principal reasons for the disintegration of his empire. Aurangzeb encountered political opposition from a number of quarters, such as the Marathas, Jats, etc., as they had adopted a new stance. shows that his assessment of Aurangzeb's religious policy was largely based on the study of the first half of Aurangzeb's reign which was climaxed by the reimposition of jizyah and his attempt to "annex" Marwar and subdue Mewar. But more often than not, it is the religious policies pursued by Aurangzeb that have been cited as one of the principal reasons for Aurangzeb’s undoing, and among many Hindus the name of Aurangzeb evokes the same passionate hatred as do the names of Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghori. Some historians like Jadunath Sarkar consider his religious stand to be full of bigotry and religious intolerance while others like Shibli Naumani describes it as a matter of political expediency. The famous temple of Somnath, which he ordered to be destroyed, was earlier in his reign. The main necessity of Aurangzeb now was to subdue and win over the large number of Hindu rajas, zamindars operating in the area. Aurangzeb was not interested in philosophical debates or in mysticism; however, he did not prohibit his sons from experimenting in Sufism. A modern scholar has argued that the efforts of Sirhindi and his successors could not erode the popularity of the Sufi saints who emphasized pantheism. Conclusion: - After reading or researching it can said that Aurangzeb was very orthodox regarding his religious policy but indeed was a hardworking personality and he was of … Aurangzeb restated the position of the shara regarding the temples, synagogues, churches, etc., that "long standing temple should not be demolished but no new temples allowed to be built." Medieval Indian History - North-East India - After becoming emperor officially, Aurangzeb embarked upon an era of strong rule. HOPE IT HELPS ️ . This failure caused Aurangzeb to call for a modification of his earlier religious policy. He reimposed the jiziya, the hated poll-tax on non- Muslims, which the wise and compassionate Akbar had abolished early in his region. In 1669, Aurangzeb took a number of measures, which have been called puritanical, but many of them were of an economic and social character, and against superstitious beliefs. Emperor Aurangzeb of India's Mughal Dynasty November 3, —March 3, was a ruthless leader who, despite his willingness to take the throne over the bodies of his brothers, went on to create a "golden age" of Indian civilization.

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